Le topic de ceux qui ont le dernier mot

Chère Madame et Cher Monsieur,

Oui, d’ailleurs faudrait déclancher le plan ORSEC à Orléans… Et puis ils ont un drôle d’accent je trouve depuis hier moi à Orléans :roll: :lol:

Bien à mot

Monsieur Phal

Bon, tant pis. Puisque moi j’ai aucune chance, il est pas question que vous en ayez aussi.

Keiyan, bouledogue

non, mais c’est l’été, tout ça, il faut rester zen…

shingouz, et la mer à Paris c’est pour bientôt ?

shingouz dit:shingouz, et la mer à Paris c'est pour bientôt ?

ben quoi, tu n'es pas encore allé à paris-plage ? :roll:

ben y’a déjà paris plage…

Keiyan, l’été, ça me met de mauvaise humeur.

ben la plage sans la mer, il ne reste plus grand-chose d’intéressant.
ah si les filles en maillot de bain…
y’a des filles en maillot de bain ?

shingouz, c’est vrai, l’été c’est nul…

oh ba surement .quand il y a marqué plage il y a forcément.


MOT!MOT!MOT!MOT!

ben…
mot aussi tiens

toi aussi, tu vas te mettre en maillot de bain ?

pfff

allez, mon dernier pour le mois de juillet :

MOT !

bof.

tom-le-termite dit:bof.


A l'envers, ça fait ".fob" !

mouai.

resiver ! :wink:

hum… ce se vois tant que ca? :cry:

un peu oui…

Keiyan, mauvaise langue

si vous voulez, je peux vous poster l’ebauche du pseudo papier que je dois finir pour demain.:



"
Evolution of the mating system in the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus

Termites are eusocial insects with a high variability in behavior, morphology and strategy. The social system establishes that a caste will take care of the reproduction as all termites have the three following statements: 1-existence of cooperative brood care, 2-generation are overlapping and 3- presence of reproductive castes. This implies that, at a given time, the colony will be ready to produce reproductive individuals: the alates. Like Hymenopterans, the colony will have a swarming with both winged males and females, but unlike ants, the male does not die at the end of the copulation: the mating behavior is complex and the presence of the male has a consequence on the formation of a new colony. For this reason, mating behavior were studied in several species of termites and again, if a general pattern can be deduced form these observations, many differences occur within the species. In order to understand the mating system in termites, this paper will describe the major steps in the process of the foundation of a new colony. We will focus on the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and analyze the behavior of the alates from an evolutionary point of view.

The Mating process can be divided into four distinct parts: Preflight, flight, postflight and foundation of a new colony. Each phases is very important to finally produce a successful new colony.


Preflight.
Each year after the colony reaches maturity (from 2 to 10 years, depending on the species), before the swarming season, the colony starts to produce nymphs that develop into alates, both males and females. The production of the new reproductive castes depends on many factors: size of the colony, age of the colony, nutrition and food supply. The available nymphs molt one last time into Alates. These individuals are physiologically ready for flight and reproduction. On the swarming day, workers dig emergence holes and the soldiers have a defensive behavior to protect the colony from any danger.

Flight.
The alates take off from the emergence holes and fly away from the colony. Isopterans are not very well known for being good flyers but the flight distance vary a lot within the species and it can be from a few meters to a few kilometers. As it is a dispersal flight, the alates are supposed to fly as much as they can, to disperse the genes but several factors can modify the flight: wind direction, temperature, quantity of alates and eventually, chemical cues.

Postflight.
Alates land on the soil and take their wing off (auto dealation). One male and one female form a tandem, which is a very particular behavior in termites. Most of the time, during the tandem behavior, the female exposes her abdomen to reveal a sternal gland that produces a pheromone. The male comes to her, licks that gland and the stimulation of both conducts to copulation. However, the tandem differs in some species: In Hodotermes mossambicus, the male land first and start to dig in the soil. Then he exposes his sternal gland and the female, attracted by a volatile pheromone, flies to him. Therefore, in this species, sex roles are reversed. Moreover, it is not established that all species of termites have a calling behavior and use a volatile pheromone during the dispersal flight.

Foundation of a new colony
Once the male and the female are paired, they dig in the soil or hide in a small crack or hole. They establish a claustral chamber where the female lays eggs and start a new colony. Male and female take care of all the task until the first workers replace them for the grooming, construction and foraging. It is important to know that the mates won’t feed until their own progeny can feed them back.


Mating in Coptotermes formosanus.
As said previously, the behavior may change within species and there are no general rules that can be applied on termites concerning the mating and the sexual behavior. C. formosanus is one of the species that differ a little from what described previously. A study was done in Louisiana and explains the mating system of this termite (Raina&al. 2003).



oui je sais ya plein de fautes et c’est pas interessant. mais bon hein j’ai pas fini (j’en suis meme loin :cry: )


tom, blasé.

palpitant, ça se lit comme un roman !

puis c’est carrément chaud… j’ai hate de savoir si Clara et John vont finalement coucher ensemble…

et j’avoue que je ne vois pas du tout qui peut être le meurtrier…

shingouz, critique littéraire

chaud??

c’est l’orgie oui:

"
A mature colony can produce large swarms of alates from April to June (King and Spink, 1979) with 60,000 individuals. The age and the size of the colony appear fundamental in alates production (Nutting, 1969). After flying for time period essential for dealation, the alates drop to the ground and shed their wings. No calling activity was observed and it looked like the male were not attracted by the female even distant from 2sm. When the dealates encounter randomly, the tandem is formed by the two sexes, with the female in lead. It seems surprising from a first aspect that there is no attraction from a distant point, just like in reticulitermes sp. (Laduguie et al, 1994), but the explanation is: Because of the large number of individuals on the ground during the swarm, such accidental contact between the sexes occurred frequently.